Freedom struggle Leader

Freedom struggle Leader in English

Dr B R Ambedkar, fondly known as Babasaheb, was a visionary leader and social reformer. He dedicated his life to fighting against caste discrimination and championing the rights of marginalized communities in India. His contributions to the Indian freedom movement and his role in drafting the Indian Constitution have left an indelible mark on the nation's history.

This article on Dr B R Ambedkar, sheds light on the life and contributions of Dr B R Ambedkar, his political journey, his role in the Indian freedom movement, his significant writings, and his enduring legacy.

About Dr B R Ambedkar

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is the most influential socio-political personality in India, known as the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. Born on April 14, 1891, in a socially downgraded Dalit family, Ambedkar has been a victim of acute discrimination since his school days. Not deterred by these odds, he performed excellent academic records from élite institutions like Columbia University and the London School of Economics. The contributions of Ambedkar go much beyond his role in framing the Constitution. The legendary vision of a leader that Ambedkar had, and his struggle for human rights, is still inspiring movements aimed at social justice and equality in India and worldwide.

DR BR Ambedkar

Early Life of Dr B R Ambedkar

Dr B R Ambedkar was born on April 14, 1891, in the town of Mhow in present-day Madhya Pradesh. He faced immense hardship and discrimination due to his caste background. Despite facing social obstacles, he pursued his education. He earned multiple degrees, including a law degree from Columbia University in the United States. His early experiences shaped his determination to fight against social injustices and work towards the upliftment of marginalized communities.

Political Life of Dr B R Ambedkar

Dr B R Ambedkar's political career spanned several decades and was marked by his tireless efforts to eradicate caste-based discrimination. He founded the Independent Labour Party in 1936. It focused on representing the interests of the working class and marginalized communities. He played a pivotal role in the Round Table Conferences in London. He advocated for the rights of the depressed classes and fought for their inclusion in the political decision-making process.

Contributions to the Indian Freedom Movement

Dr B R Ambedkar's primary focus was on social reform and the upliftment of marginalized communities. However, he also made significant contributions to the Indian freedom movement. He actively took part in various movements, including the Mahad Satyagraha of 1927. This aimed to secure access to public water sources for the lower castes. His efforts to challenge the oppressive caste system and fight for social justice played a crucial role in shaping India's struggle for independence.

Dr B R Ambedkar's Role in Drafting the Constitution

Dr B R Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly. This position gave him a central role in shaping the framework of the Indian Constitution. Dr Ambedkar is often referred to as the architect of the Indian Constitution due to his pivotal role in drafting its provisions. He spearheaded the task of formulating and finalizing the Constitution's content. Dr Ambedkar's vision for the Constitution was rooted in principles of equality and social justice. He worked towards ensuring that the fundamental rights and freedoms of every citizen were safeguarded, regardless of their caste, religion, gender, or socio-economic background.

Dr Ambedkar played a crucial role in the inclusion of fundamental rights in the Constitution. These rights guarantee individual liberties, such as freedom of speech, expression, and religion, and protect citizens from discrimination and exploitation. Dr Ambedkar used the platform of the Constituent Assembly to advocate for social reform. He argued for the abolition of untouchability, the upliftment of marginalized communities, and the promotion of social equality. As a leader from the Dalit community, Dr Ambedkar fought for the rights and welfare of Dalits during the drafting process. He sought to address the historical injustices faced by Dalits and secure their inclusion and empowerment within the constitutional framework.

Dr Ambedkar strongly advocated for the inclusion of reservation policies in the Constitution. He believed that affirmative action was necessary to provide opportunities for historically disadvantaged communities. Dr Ambedkar actively promoted gender equality and women's rights within the Constitution. He advocated for provisions that would protect women from discrimination and ensure their participation in all spheres of society. Dr Ambedkar was committed to protecting the rights of religious and ethnic minorities. He championed provisions that safeguarded their cultural, educational, and political autonomy.

Important Writings of Dr B R Ambedkar

Dr B R Ambedkar was an erudite scholar and prolific writer. His writings covered a wide range of topics. This included social inequality, caste discrimination, and the need for social and political reforms. His most significant work, "Annihilation of Caste," is a seminal text. It critically examines the caste system and calls for its complete abolition. Other notable writings include "The Buddha and His Dhamma" and "The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution."

Conclusion

Dr B R Ambedkar's indelible contributions to the cause of social justice, his instrumental role in drafting the Indian Constitution, and his unwavering commitment to the upliftment of marginalized communities make him an iconic figure in Indian history. His visionary ideas and relentless efforts continue to inspire generations, and his legacy serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for equality and justice in society.

Shaheed Bhagat Singh (1907-1931) was a legendary Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary socialist. Born in Punjab, he became a central figure in the fight against British rule, symbolizing youthful courage and sacrifice. His commitment to social justice and his famous acts, like the Central Assembly bombing and the subsequent trial, made him an icon. The question of who was Bhagat Singh is answered by his lasting legacy as a martyr whose radical ideas inspired countless others in India's struggle for complete independence. His execution on March 23, 1931, at the young age of 23, cemented his place as a national hero.

About Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh was an iconic figure in India's freedom struggle. He was known for his fearless revolutionary spirit and commitment to socialist ideals. Born in 1907 in Punjab, he was deeply influenced by the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the anti-colonial activities of his own family. He helped rename the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928. His most famous acts were the assassination of J.P. Saunders and the symbolic bombing of the Central Assembly in 1929. These were designed as platforms to spread his message of 'Inquilab Zindabad' (Long Live the Revolution). His martyrdom on March 23, 1931, at the young age of 23, cemented his status as a national hero.

Early Life and Family Background of Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh was born on September 28, 1907, in the village of Banga, which was then in the Lyallpur district of Punjab, British India, and is now part of Pakistan. He was born into a Sikh Sandhu Jatt family that was deeply rooted in political and revolutionary activities against British colonial rule.

The family environment was a primary source of his early inspiration:

Father, Kishan Singh: He was an active participant in the 1907 Canal Colonization agitation in Punjab, which protested against a harsh new land law. He faced imprisonment multiple times for his nationalist activities.

Uncle, Ajit Singh: A prominent revolutionary leader, he was a key figure in the aforementioned agitation and one of the founders of the Bharatmata Society. He was forced into exile due to his anti-British activities.

Uncle, Swaran Singh: He also participated in revolutionary activities and died in jail in 1910.

Growing up with a father and uncles who were committed freedom fighters, the young Bhagat Singh was naturally influenced by anti-colonial and revolutionary ideals from his very childhood.

Bhagat Singh Biography - Childhood Influences and Entry Into Freedom Struggle

Bhagat Singh's formal education also played a major role in shaping his path. He received his early schooling at the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) High School in Lahore.

He later attended the National College, Lahore, which was established by Lala Lajpat Rai as part of the non-cooperation movement to offer education free from British influence. It was here that his political and intellectual development soared:

He studied European revolutionary movements, including the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin.

He developed a keen interest in political ideologies that advocated for freedom, equality, and social justice, such as socialism and anarchism.

In 1923, he won an essay competition organized by the Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan on the problem of Punjabi language and alphabet.

Two major events acted as catalysts for his entry into the freedom struggle:

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): At the age of 12, the massacre in Amritsar left a profound and lasting impact on him. He reportedly visited the site soon after and collected soil stained with the blood of the victims, treating it as a sacred reminder of the atrocities committed by the British.

The Chauri Chaura incident (1922): Following the violence at Chauri Chaura, Mahatma Gandhi abruptly called off the Non-Cooperation Movement. This decision disappointed many young nationalists, including Bhagat Singh, leading them to believe that only a more radical and revolutionary approach could achieve independence.

This disillusionment, combined with his family's legacy and intellectual exposure, pushed him toward armed revolution. In 1926, he founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha (Indian Youth Society) to mobilize the youth and promote the idea of an independent, secular republic.

Bhagat Singh’s Role in India’s Freedom Struggle

Bhagat Singh's role transcended simple political activism; he used revolutionary action, trial, and writing as tools to awaken the masses and redefine the concept of revolution. His contributions can be grouped into his organizational efforts and his key revolutionary actions.

Revolutionary Actions and Impact

The Lahore Conspiracy and Assassination of Saunders

On October 30, 1928, the British police launched a brutal lathi charge on a peaceful procession protesting the all-White Simon Commission in Lahore. The procession was led by veteran leader Lala Lajpat Rai. The police chief, J.A. Scott, ordered the attack, which resulted in fatal injuries to Rai, who later died on November 17, 1928.

Bhagat Singh and his comrades of the HSRA vowed to avenge Rai's death. On December 17, 1928, they mistakenly shot and killed J.P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, believing him to be Scott. This event became known as the First Lahore Conspiracy Case.

The Central Assembly Bombing and Its Purpose

On April 8, 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw two low-intensity, non-lethal bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. They did this to protest two repressive pieces of legislation: the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill.

The real purpose was not to cause harm but to court arrest and use the courtroom as a political stage to publicly articulate their revolutionary philosophy.

Publicity and Propaganda: They distributed leaflets shouting the famous slogan, "Inquilab Zindabad!" (Long Live the Revolution!), which became the battle cry of the freedom movement.

Spreading the Message: Their statements during the trial, detailing the HSRA's vision for a socialist state, were widely reported in the press, achieving the goal of awakening the masses to the true nature of their struggle.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and Bhagat Singh’s Ideology

Bhagat Singh's dedication to socialist ideals led him to reshape the primary revolutionary organization in North India.

From HRA to HSRA

Bhagat Singh initially joined the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) in 1924, founded by revolutionaries like Sachindra Nath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.

In 1928, during a meeting at Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi, Bhagat Singh, along with comrades like Chandra Shekhar Azad, renamed the organization to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

This change was crucial: it formally inducted socialism as the foundational ideology of the group. The new goal was not just to overthrow British rule but to establish a Socialist Republic of India, ending the exploitation of man by man.

Bhagat Singh’s Ideology and Writings

Bhagat Singh was not just a man of action; he was a profound and clear thinker. His revolutionary activities were rooted in a well-developed, rational, and modern ideology.

Socialism and Marxism: He was deeply influenced by the works of European socialist thinkers. He believed that true independence meant freedom not just from foreign rule but also from internal exploitation. His vision for India was a socialist society free from poverty and economic inequality.

Atheism and Rationalism: While imprisoned, he wrote his famous essay, "Why I Am an Atheist". In this work, he criticized organized religion and superstition, strongly arguing for rationalism, scientific temper, and humanism. He challenged his own religious upbringing based on logical reasoning.

The Idea of Revolution: For Bhagat Singh, Revolution was not a mere "cult of the bomb" but the ultimate goal of establishing a new social order. He famously wrote, “The sword of revolution is sharpened on the whetting-stone of ideas.” He saw revolution as a continuous, intellectual process involving the overthrow of all existing social, economic, and political structures that perpetuate injustice.

Sacrifice and Martyrdom: He saw his execution not as an end but as a powerful means to inspire the youth. His martyrdom at Lahore Jail on March 23, 1931, along with his comrades Sukhdev and Rajguru, fueled the national movement and solidified his image as a revolutionary ideal.

Legacy of Bhagat Singh in India’s Freedom Movement

Bhagat Singh’s impact on the Indian freedom movement is profound and far-reaching.

Symbol of Youth Mobilization: His youth and extraordinary courage turned him into an idol for millions of young Indians, moving them from passive politics to active, revolutionary struggle. The youth became the backbone of many subsequent agitations.

Shift in Ideology: He was instrumental in shifting the focus of the freedom struggle toward socio-economic goals. The HSRA's emphasis on a Socialist Republic broadened the scope of 'Swaraj' (self-rule) to include social justice for the poor, farmers, and laborers.

Statistical Impact on Public Opinion: His trial and execution caused massive public outcry. According to records, the news of his execution led to widespread protests, hartals (strikes), and demonstrations across Punjab, Bengal, and the United Provinces, involving an unprecedented number of workers and students (Source: Select official and non-official accounts of the time, often cited in works like 'India's Struggle for Independence' by Bipan Chandra).

Inspiration for Future Leaders: His radical ideas and writings influenced socialist leaders and various progressive movements in post-independence India. He remains a powerful symbol for organizations advocating for the rights of the marginalized.

Subramania Bharati was an Indian writer and poet. He was also a freedom fighter and social reformer. He hailed from Tamil Nadu. He is known for his works in the field of women's emancipation. He also stood against child marriage. He worked to reform Brahmanism and religion. Subramania Bharati is considered one of the greatest Tamil literary figures. He is also regarded as the father of the modern Tamil style. His achievements in Indian literature and society are significant.

In this article, we shall study in detail about Contributions and Works of Subramania Bharati during the Nationalist Period, International Bharati Festival, and more.

Who was Subramania Bharati?

Subramania Bharati (1882-1921) was a Tamil writer, poet, journalist, Indian independence activist, social reformer, and polyglot from India. He was born on December 11, 1882, in Ettayapuram, Tamil Nadu, Subramaniya Bharati, also known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar, showed poetic talent at an early age. Composing Tamil poetry at seven, he impressed with his depth of understanding by age 11. Married at 15 to Chellammal in June 1897, Bharati is celebrated as one of Tamil's greatest writers. His parents were Lakshmi Ammal and Chinnaswamy Iyer. Recognized for his literary contributions, Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu honored him on September 20, 2021, marking the 100th anniversary of his death.

Early Life of Subramania Bharati

In 1908, a warrant for Bharathi's arrest was issued by the British Indian government, prompting his relocation to Pondicherry, where he resided until 1918. Despite being proficient in approximately 32 languages, including three non-Indian foreign languages, his primary affinity was for Tamil. Bharathi's impact on Tamil literature is extraordinary, as he prolifically addressed political, social, and spiritual themes. His compositions, widely embraced in Tamil cinema, have become integral to the global repertoire of Tamil artists. Renowned for promoting modern blank verse, Bharathi authored numerous works extolling the beauty of the Tamil language in nature.

Major Works of Mahakavi Subramania Bharati

Mahakavi Subramania Bharati was a prolific writer and poet who made significant contributions to modern Tamil poetry and literature.

Subramaniya Bharati is regarded as one of Tamil literature's all-time greats.

Subramania Bharati's books were characterized by their simplicity of language and rhythm.

They were a departure from the complex vocabulary used in previous Tamil works.

He wrote extensively on political, social, and spiritual issues.

Subramaniya Bharati's poems celebrated patriotism and the freedom struggle.

In addition to his literary contributions, he played an active role in India's freedom struggle and was a social reformer.

Subramaniya Bharati's literary output was vast, covering every kind of genre in prose and verse in Tamil.

Subramaniya Bharati received the title "Bharathi" in recognition of his outstanding poetry.

Some of Subramania Bharati's notable works include:

Kaṇṇan pāṭṭu (1917; Songs to Krishna)

Panchali sapatham (1912; Panchali's Vow)

Kuyil pāṭṭu (1912; Kuyil’s Song)

Pudiya Russia

Gnanaratham (Chariot of Wisdom)

Contributions of Subramania Bharati in the Nationalist Period

Subramania Bharati played a significant role in India's nationalist period.

Subramaniya Bharati wrote songs about nationalism and India's freedom.

His songs were influential in mobilizing the public.

They were especially effective in Tamil Nadu.

The public supported the Indian Independence Movement.

Subramaniya Bharati was a poet, writer, journalist, and activist.

He was also a social reformer and polyglot.

He used his literary skills to inspire people.

He urged them to fight for their rights.

Subramaniya Bharati wrote extensively on political and social issues.

His works were characterized by their simplicity of language.

They were also characterized by their rhythm.

Bharati's vision for India was unique and contemporary even today.

He believed that education was the key to social reform and worked towards promoting education among women and the lower castes.

Subramaniya Bharati also advocated for the use of Swadeshi goods as a means of promoting self-reliance among Indians.

His contribution to India's nationalist movement has been immense, and his works continue to inspire generations of Indians.

Subramania Bharati's nationalistic poems and essays were popular successes during India's nationalist period.

He used his literary skills to inspire people to fight for their rights and played an active role in India's freedom struggle.

Subramaniya Bharati was briefly imprisoned upon his return to India in 1919.

Bharathi is regarded as a national poet.

He wrote numerous poems with a patriotic theme.

He urged the general public to take up the independence fight.

He also urged them to put forth great effort to free the nation.

In addition to expressing his national pride, he also described his goals for a free India.

In 1908, he released the sensational "Sudesa Geethangal" book.

Contributions of Subramania Bharati as a Social Reformer

Subramania Bharati was a social reformer who made significant contributions to Indian society.

Subramania Bharati's songs reveal a wide-ranging social outlook.

His outlook goes beyond caste, religion, race, and language barriers.

He gave people the motivation to combat social ills.

The social ills included untouchability, superstition, and mistreatment of women.

Subramania Bharati argues for freedom for women.

He also argues for education, a scientific worldview, and industrial advancement.

According to him, these are the keys to social change.

He criticized child marriages and considered them more sinful than murder.

Subramania Bharati opposed the caste system as well.

He insisted that there were only two castes — men & women, and nothing else.

Above all, he had taken his own sacred thread off.

Additionally, he had adorned numerous Dalits with holy thread.

Subramania Bharati used to drink tea from Muslim-owned businesses.

On all occasions of a festival, he and his family went to church.

He supported Dalit entry into temples. He had to contend with opposition from his neighbors for all of his reforms.

Subramania Bharati was very clear. He believed that Indian people could not achieve freedom alone.

They needed to band together. They needed to do so as the offspring of Mother India.

Subramania Bharati supported women's emancipation, gender equality, and rights for women. He supported widow remarriage and opposed child marriage and dowries.

Death of Subramania Bharati

Subramania Bharati died on September 11, 1921, at the age of 38, in Chennai, India. A few months before his death, he was pushed by an elephant. The incident happened at the Parthasarathy temple in Triplicane. He sustained injuries from the incident. Although he survived, his health deteriorated rapidly. Subramania Bharati didn't have many opportunities to leave a lasting literary or non-literary legacy. He was given the title "Mahakavi Bharathiyar." The title means "Great Poet Bharathi."

About International Bharati Festival

The International Bharati Festival is an event organized to commemorate the 138th birth anniversary of Tamil poet and writer Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathi.

The festival celebrates Bharati's contributions to Tamil literature and India's nationalist movement.

The event is organized by the Government of Tamil Nadu and features cultural programs, literary discussions, and seminars on Bharati's life and works.

The festival aims to promote Subramania Bharati's ideas of social reform, women's empowerment, and patriotism among the younger generation.

In 2020, the festival was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Prime Minister of India addressed the festival and praised Bharati for his contributions to Indian literature and society.

During the festival, PM Modi conferred the 2020 Bharathi Award to Seeni Viswanathan, who compiled the voluminous works of Subramania Bharati in chronological order.

The festival has become an important platform for promoting Tamil culture and literature globally.

It attracts scholars, writers, poets, and artists from all over the world who come together to celebrate Subramania Bharati's legacy.

Through this festival, Subramania Bharati continues to inspire generations of writers, poets, and social reformers.

Contributions of Subramania Bharati as a Journalist

Bharathi started his journalism career at "Swadesamitran" in November 1904.

He launched "India" in May 1906, pioneering Tamil journalism with revolutionary fervor.

To express its radical stance, "India" was printed on red paper and featured the first Tamil political cartoons.

Facing arrest, Bharathi moved to Pondicherry in 1908, a French territory at the time.

During his Pondicherry exile, he engaged with militant independence leaders like Aurobindo and Lajpat Rai.

Bharathi guided Tamil youth from Pondicherry toward nationalism, intensifying British resentment.

Arrested upon re-entry to British India in November 1918, he continued writing on freedom and nationalism in prison.

In his youth, Bharathi collaborated with nationalist leaders like V.O. Chidambaram, Subramanya Siva, and Mandayam Thirumalachariar.

He actively participated in Indian National Congress sessions, discussing national issues with leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and B.G. Tilak.

Bharathi's suggestions and support played a crucial role in rejuvenating national leaders, contributing significantly to India's freedom.

A Glimpse into VOC Pillai's Life

Valliappan Olaganathan Chidambaram Pillai, often known as VOC, was born on 5 September 1872 to Olaganathan Pillai and Paramyee  Ammai in Ottapidaram, District Tirunelveli in what is now Tamil Nadu.

He completed his education from Caldwell College in Tuticorin, then worked as a Taluk office clerk. In 1894, he moved to Tiruchirappalli to study law and became a practicing lawyer in his hometown Ottapidaram in 1895.

VOC was greatly influenced by Ramakrishnanathar, a saint from the Ramakrishna Mission, to contribute to the nation. He also shared political ideologies with the renowned poet Subramanya Bharathi who was a close friend.

VOC's political journey began in 1905 when he joined the Congress Party in the wake of the Bengal partition. He was an ardent follower of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and a strong supporter of the Swadeshi movement .

During that time, Tuticorin was a commercial hub with extensive business dealings with Sri Lanka. Shipping services, both for passengers and cargo, were entirely dominated by European companies. The British Indian Steam Navigation Company Ltd., the only shipping firm offering regular service between Tuticorin and Colombo, was notorious for its poor treatment of Indian customers.

VOC, in 1906, took the initiative to establish an Indian shipping company called the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company. This company, founded on 16 October 1906, was a result of VOC's efforts and the support of his merchant friends. This was a major setback for the British company, which began to retaliate.

Alongside Subramania Siva, an eloquent speaker, VOC initiated the ‘Swadeshi Sangam’.

VOC’s Contribution to the Indian Freedom Struggle

VOC's life took a significant turn during the Tuticorin Coral Mills strike in 1908. The workers at the British-owned mill were being exploited. A majority of the workers, about 59%, were aged between 14 and 16. They worked from 5:00 am to 7:00 pm. In February 1908, they decided to strike for better wages and reduced working hours.

VOC championed the workers' cause and delivered powerful speeches that highlighted the workers' plight. The issue garnered widespread sympathy and support.

VOC, along with Siva and Padmanabha Iyengar, planned a procession on 9 March 1908 to celebrate the release of national leader Bipin Chandra Pal from prison and to unfurl the Swaraj flag.

The Tuticorin Collector Wynch warned the Madras government about the prominence and potential threat of the national leaders in Tuticorin and sought to prevent the procession. On 12 March 1908, the three leaders, including VOC, Siva, and Iyengar, were remanded to the district jail.

The arrest led to widespread protest in Tuticorin, and the people reacted with violence.

VOC was sentenced to two life imprisonments on charges of sedition.

An appeal to the Madras High Court reduced his sentence to 6 years of rigorous imprisonment and 4 years of transportation, both to run concurrently.

VOC and Siva were subjected to hard labour in prison, resulting in a severe deterioration in VOC's health. For instance, he was made to operate an oil press in the scorching sun in place of an ox. His sentence was reduced, and he was released in December 1912.

Later Years

After his release, VOC relocated to Chennai with his family as he was not permitted to return to Tirunelveli. His license to practice law was revoked, and he had to run a grocery store to support his family. His steamer company had been liquidated, and the assets were sold to the rival company.

VOC frequently corresponded with Mahatma Gandhi but later cited ideological differences with Gandhi as the reason for his withdrawal from the Congress Party in 1920.

VOC devoted much of his time to establishing labour unions in the Madras state.

He was also a prolific Tamil writer. Some of his works include – Meyyaram, Meyyarivu, Autobiography, commentary on the Thirukkural, compiled works of Tolkappiyam, and so on.

Later, he moved to Coimbatore where his license to practice law was reinstated by a judge. He worked as a lawyer in Kovilpatti. His last few years were spent in crippling debt. He even had to sell his law books for survival.

He rejoined the Congress Party in 1927 but soon cut all ties with it.

VOC passed away in the Tuticorin office of the Congress Party on 18 November 1936. He was 64.

VOC is often referred to as ‘Kappalottiya Tamilan’ (The Tamil Helmsman).

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of independent India. He had very strong ideals and principles that guided his life and work.

Jawaharlal Nehru Personal History

Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad. His father's name was Motilal Nehru, and his mother's name was Swarup Rani.

Nehru grew up in a rich and educated family. His father, Motilal Nehru, was a successful barrister and a prominent member of the Indian National Congress.

Nehru received his early education at home by private tutors. In 1905, he went to England to study sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge. He enjoyed studying science subjects like physics, chemistry and mathematics.

Jawaharlal Nehru returned to India in 1912 after completing his education. He started working as a lawyer like his father in the Allahabad High Court.

Jawaharlal Nehru's Role In India's Independence Struggle

Jawaharlal Nehru played an important role in India's freedom movement. With Gandhi, he led India to independence from British rule. He was firm in his belief that India should gain complete independence from British rule.

Jawaharlal Nehru's Contribution

Nehru joined the Indian National Congress in 1919. In 1929, Gandhi made him the Congress President.

Gandhi and Nehru formed a deep bond and worked closely together for India's Swaraj. Nehru organized protests and demonstrations against the British rule.

In 1928, Nehru gave a historic speech where he said that India's independence was inevitable. He encouraged other Indians to join the freedom movement.

When Gandhi launched the civil disobedience movement in 1930, Jawaharlal Nehru fully supported it. He went to jail many times during the struggle.

Jawaharlal Nehru motivated the youth to join the freedom movement. He inspired thousands of young people to work for India's independence. The youth saw Nehru as their ideal leader.

Jawaharlal Nehru stayed in jail for almost 10 years. While in jail, he wrote letters to his daughter Indira and also wrote his famous book, The Discovery of India.

After Gandhi, Nehru became the most prominent leader of the Indian National Congress. Indians saw him as the first Prime Minister of free India.

Even when Nehru and Gandhi had disagreements, they remained close. Their partnership to achieve India's swaraj remained strong till the end.

Nehru's Ideas

Jawaharlal Nehru advocated complete freedom for India. He opposed any type of compromise with the British, like Dominion Status.

Nehru supported socialism and secularism. He dreamt of an India which would be free of poverty, illiteracy and communal divisions.

Nehru encouraged the spread of science and rational thinking in India. He believed this would help build a modern India.

Jawaharlal Nehru popularized the slogan of 'Purna Swaraj', or complete independence for India. He spread this message among Indians through his speeches.

Nehru And The Quit India Movement

In 1942, when Gandhi launched the Quit India movement, Nehru fully supported it. He gave powerful speeches motivating Indians to fight for complete freedom.

On August 8 1942, Nehru gave a historic speech in Bombay.

Nehru was again arrested by the British and remained in jail until 1945. Even from jail, Nehru led the freedom movement and spread the message of Quit India.

India achieved independence on August 15 1947. By then, Nehru had become the symbol of India's freedom struggle and the inevitable first Prime Minister of independent India. His ideas shaped the democratic and secular foundations of modern India.

Jawaharlal Nehru And Indian National Congress

Jawaharlal Nehru played an important part in the Indian National Congress during India's freedom fight.

Nehru joined Congress in 1919 at age 37. At that time, the Congress was becoming more powerful under Mahatma Gandhi's leadership. Nehru quickly became one of the Congress's most popular leaders.

Nehru supported Gandhi's strategy of peaceful protest against the British. He took part in many demonstrations and campaigns and was jailed many times by the British. Nehru became Gandhi's closest helper.

In 1929, Nehru became Congress president. As president, Nehru traveled all over India to spread Gandhi's message of peace and freedom from British rule. He convinced many people to join the freedom movement.

As president, Nehru tried to reduce the differences between Hindus and Muslims. He wanted both groups to be united in the movement. But religious tensions kept rising.

In 1946, Nehru again became Congress president. Under his leadership, Congress demanded complete freedom for India and launched the Quit India Movement against the British. Many leaders, including Nehru, were jailed during the movement.

After India became free in 1947, Nehru became India's first Prime Minister. But he stayed active in Congress.

As Prime Minister, Nehru worked to strengthen Congress and make it the major political party. He travelled all over India for party meetings.

Nehru spread the idea of "secular India" through Congress. He said India must give equal rights to people of all religions. This idea of secularism became one of the Constitution's main principles.

As prime minister and Congress leader, Nehru worked to end poverty in India and build a modern nation. He focused on developing industries, science, and technology education in India.

Nehru's death in 1964 was a big blow to Congress. After Nehru, Congress could not find another charismatic leader to lead the party for many decades.

Nehru played an important role in Congress as a charismatic leader, effective organizer and main strategist. He strengthened Congress and made it the major political party after India became free. Nehru spread secular and socialist ideals through Congress, which formed the basis of the Indian Constitution and policies.

Philosophy of Jawaharlal Nehru

Now we will discuss the main aspects of Nehru's philosophy of life and governance.

Democracy and Secularism

Nehru was a firm believer in democracy. He said that democracy gives equal rights and freedom to all citizens to develop themselves fully.

Nehru worked hard to establish India as a democratic and secular nation where people of all religions get equal rights and respect.

He believed that religion is a personal matter and the state should not interfere in it. He said Indian people follow many religions, and the government has to remain equidistant from all religions. This idea of secularism became part of the Indian Constitution.

Socialism

Nehru's economic ideology was socialism. He wanted the government to control major industries and services to make sure that the benefits reach all people equally.

Nehru nationalized many private companies related to basic necessities like banks, insurance, airlines etc. He also started many public sector companies in key industries like steel, mining, energy, transportation etc.

Through the Five Year Plans, Nehru focused on developing heavy industries, dams and irrigation facilities to build a self-reliant economy.

Non-Violence

Nehru deeply respected Mahatma Gandhi's principle of non-violence.

He said that non-violence is not just a political strategy but an ideal way of living.

Nehru believed one should meet violence with a spirit of forgiveness and goodwill. He also said violence often breeds more violence and hatred.

Secular Humanism

Nehru's philosophy was inspired by secular humanism.

He emphasized the importance of scientific temper, rational thinking and humanistic values like love, compassion and Service to humanity.

Nehru believed human values are more important than religious dogmas. He wanted to build an India based on human equality, reason and universal brotherhood.

Unity in Diversity

The Indian subcontinent has a lot of diversity in terms of languages, cultures, religions and ethnicities.

Nehru said our diversity can become our strength if we promote unity and mutual respect between all groups.

He wanted to build an Indian identity that transcends religious and regional identities. He stressed that, at the core, Indians share the same destiny and goals of progress and freedom.

Education and Science

Nehru considered education as the most powerful tool for social change and progress.

He focused on expanding educational institutions and improving the quality of education in India.

Nehru had great faith in science and reason. He said scientific temper would help people get rid of superstitions and dogmas.

He established many scientific research institutions and invested heavily in science and technology education.

Institutional & Humanist Outlook

Institutional Vision: Nehru laid down pillars of modern India—IITs, PLCs, major public sector enterprises, and research institutions—that infused science and democracy within governance architecture.

Inclusive Governance: He embraced princely states and diverse castes, bringing them into the constitutional fold and national narrative, affirming India's pluralistic ethos.

Secular Humanism: Upholding reason over dogma, Nehru fused secular governance with humanistic values—a signature blend of Indian polity.

Internationalism & India’s Non-Aligned Vision

India under Nehru pioneered a unique foreign policy during the Cold War—crafting a morally driven, independent stance: Non-Alignment. He sought an international order where small states could retain autonomy without choosing sides. As early as 1947, through the Asian Relations Conference, he planted these diplomatic seeds.

In 1950, Nehru rejected compulsory alignment, affirming India’s right to independent judgment. His articulation of the Panchsheel principles of peaceful coexistence—mutual respect, non-aggression, equality, and non-interference—formed the foundation for later NAM emergence.

By 1961, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was officially formed in Belgrade, with India and Nehru as key architects alongside leaders like Tito and Nasser. This movement gave voice to newly decolonized nations resisting political bipolarism.

Temples of Modern India – Nehru’s Development Architecture

Nehru coined the term “Temples of Modern India” to describe landmarks of national transformation—dams, steel plants, research institutes—symbols of science, self-reliance, and progress. The Bhakra-Nangal Dam was inaugurated with these words: a project of nation-building and hope.

Beyond just dams, his vision extended to key institutions: IITs, AIIMS, BHEL, ONGC, LIC, National Library, and cultural academies—these public-sector pillars embodied the fusion of modern knowledge and social equity. Upon pouring the first concrete of the Bhakra Dam, Nehru emphasized its collective nature—not his own personal monument, but a gift built by countless Indian workers.

Who Was Jawaharlal Nehru?

The first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, was born in Allahabad on November 14, 1889. He became the first prime minister of India after the country gained independence. Nehru served the country as a Prime Minister from 1947 till 1964. Nehru was regarded as a key figure in Indian politics. He was formerly a well-known figure in the Indian National Congress. He drew young people and intellectuals throughout the nation into the core of the movement. The Indian children called him Chacha Nehru, but he was also known as Pandit Nehru because of his affiliation with the Kashmiri Pandit community. Many people observe Jawahar Lal Nehru's birthday as Children's Day.

What Did Jawaharlal Nehru Do?

Nehru enjoyed diplomacy as well. He traveled to a number of nations where comparable democratic rights movements were taking place, even back in the days of the independence fight. Additionally, he recognized the significance of uniting the citizens of the princely kingdoms in the national cause. In 1923, he was appointed General Secretary of the INC. When the Poorna Swaraj proclamation was initially made in 1929, he was the party president during the Lahore session. In 1946, he led the Interim Government.

How Did Jawaharlal Nehru Become Prime Minister?

Nehru was appointed as the first prime minister of the Republic of India on August 15, 1947, the day India became independent. He started a program of social, political, and economic changes. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first and longest-serving prime minister of India, was a visionary. The Congress party leaders proposed Sardar Patel to be prime minister when India gained independence in 1947. Nevertheless, after Gandhi asked Patel to withdraw his candidacy, which he did, Gandhiji nominated Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru for prime minister.

How Did Jawaharlal Nehru Die?

The first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, passed away from a heart attack in the afternoon on May 27, 1964, at the age of 75. On May 26, 1964, after arriving back from Dehradun, he felt at ease and went to bed at around 11 as normal. After returning from the washroom in the morning at approx. 6, Nehru complained of back discomfort. After a brief conversation with the medical staff, Nehru passed out almost instantly. He was unconscious the entire time he was dead. With 17 years in power, he was the Prime Minister with the longest tenure in the nation.

Conclusion

Nehru's philosophy emphasized the principles of democracy, secularism, socialism, non-violence, humanism, unity in diversity and the importance of education and science. His ideals and principles shaped the governance of independent India in its early decades and influenced the making of the Indian Constitution.

He was born on 15th July 1903 at Virudupatti now known as Virudhunagr, Madras Presidency, British India. Kamarajar was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India from Tamil Nadu.

His political guru is S.Satyamurti . Kamarajar entered into the freedom movement of India by taking part in Vaikam Satyagraha in 1924.

He enrolled himself as a full-time worker of the Congress Party in 1929. Under the leadership of Rajagopalachari, he participated in the Salt Satyagraha march in Vedarangyam in 1930.

Kamarajar was imprisoned for two years in Alipore Jail for participating in Vedarangyam Salt march.

As a result of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931, he was released from prison. In 1940, he went to Wardha to meet Gandhiji to get approval for the list of Sathyagrahis.

He was arrested and sent to Vellore jail as he participated in Quit India Movement in 1942. Then sentenced to three years of jail in Amaravathi Prison. Kamarajar hoisted the India National flag in Satyamurti’s house in 1947.

He served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for nine years and introduced various welfare schemes.

Kamarajar Kalvi Pani (Achievement in Education)

He opened many new schools and made education more accessible to poor and rural children.

Kamaraj abolished the Modified Scheme of Elementary Education, increased manifold the number of schools and Kamaraj introduced the noon-meal scheme for school children.

Kamarajar Achievements

He built a number of dams for improving irrigation, provided more industrial estates, ensured astonishing industrial growth in the state.

Kamaraj as King Maker

In 1963, Kamaraj resigned (Kamaraj Plan) his chief ministership to become the President of Indian National Congress and M.Bhaktavatchalam took over the government.

The Food shortage and anti-Hindi agitation caused the unpopularity of his ministry. The scholars refer to him as “King Maker”, as he made Lal Bahadur Sastri the Prime Minister of India in 1964 and Mrs. Indira Gandhi in 1966 after the death of Sastri.

He died on October 2nd, 1975. The K-Plan is the famous policy framed by him.

The people affectionately call him ‘Perum Thalaivar’ means ‘Great Leader’.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2nd, 1869 (which is observed as Gandhi Jayanthi) in Gujarat. His political mentor was Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Gandhi toured the entire country after returning from Africa and studied the political situation of the country on advice of his mentor.

Gandhi was a leading figure of Indian freedom struggle and his contributions earned him the fame ‘Father of the Nation’. He was known for his non violence protest. He advocated many peaceful protests and demonstrations during the freedom struggle.

Rise of Gandhi in Indian Freedom Struggle – Major Movements

Some of the important movements started by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian freedom struggle are as follows:

Champaran Satyagraha – 1917

This was the first civil disobedience movement started by Mahatma Gandhi.

Rajkumar Shukla, an indigo cultivator approached Gandhi and conveyed him the problems faced by the farmers because of the Indigo planters.

The peasants were forced to cultivate indigo on 3/20 part of their land by the European planters.

The farmers were levied high taxes and were forced to sell the produce at price fixed by the planters.

Gandhi along with other leaders gave voice against the European indigo planters.

He was ordered by the Europeans to leave. But he refused and stood against them.

Finally the government retreated and appointed a committee in which Gandhi was a member, to enquire into the matter.

With his recommendations, the tinkathia system was abolished and 25% of money taken from peasants were compensated.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike – 1918

The cotton mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers were involved in a dispute due to discontinuation of plague bonus.

The owners decided to withdraw the bonus whereas the workers demanded a 50% hike in their wages.

The strike worsened with owners deciding on to hire weavers from Bombay.

Anusuya Sarabhai, a social worker approached Gandhi to resolve the issue.

Gandhi advised the workers to continue with the strike non violently and demand a 35% hike.

When there was no progress, Gandhi himself went into a hunger strike.

Finally a tribunal was set up to sort the issue and thus a 35% wage hike was given to the workers.

Kheda Satyagraha – 1918

It was the first non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi.

In 1918, there was a crop failure in the Kheda district of Gujarat.

As per the Revenue code, farmers were entitled to remission in such cases. But they were forced to pay the Taxes.

Under the guidance of Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel along with a few Gandhians led the movement against the government.

The movement was known for the unity and the discipline that was maintained during the struggle.

Finally the government suspended the tax for that year and returned all the confiscated property.

Satyagraha Against the Rowlatt Act – 1919

The Rowlatt act was introduced in March 1919 by the British government.

It had the following provisions.

political activists to be imprisoned without trial

Arrest of Indians without warrant on mere suspicion of treason.

Acceptance of evidence which is not acceptable under the Indian evidence act and so on.

Indians expected advancement in Self rule as a reward for their contribution to British war efforts. Introduction of this repressive act agitated the people against British.

An all India level mass protest was launched by Gandhi on April 6, 1919 against the Rowlatt act.

Satyagraha was introduced to masses by Gandhi and it assumed a national character.

It was the first mass strike and the biggest upsurge against the British since 1857.

Khilafat Movement – 1919

It was a movement started by Ali brothers against the unjust of British towards Turkey and to restore the Turkey ruler to his position.

The position of congress was unstable and weak. So Gandhi in 1919 approached the Muslims, and had All India Muslim confernce.

Under the guidance of Gandhi, a non violent non cooperation movement was launched.

With the success of this movement he became the national leader and held a strong position in Congress.

Civil Disobedience Movement – 1930

It was a non violent, civil disobedience movement led by Mahatma Gandhi against the British salt monopoly.

This movement was started by Gandhi on March 12, 1930. Along with his followers he marched from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi.

On april 6, 1930 the salt law was broken by making the salt.

This movement is also known as Dandi March or Salt satyagraha.

This movement gained nationwide attention and played a significant role by giving stimulus to Indian independence movement. This led to a civil disobedience movement throughout the country.

Quit India Movement – 1942

The Quit India movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942 demanding the end of British rule in India.

Do or die slogan of Gandhi became famous and inspired the masses.

Almost every member of the Indian National congress was arrested and imprisoned without warrant.

However, by the end of the second world war British government agreed to grant independence and transfer the power.

Thus, these movements constitute the rise of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian freedom struggle and his contribution for the independence of India.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a prominent figure in India's struggle for independence, was a visionary leader, scholar, and advocate of education. His contributions to the nation and his unwavering commitment to promoting education have left an indelible mark on India's history.

Who was Maulana Abul Kalam Azad?

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a multifaceted Indian leader who wore many hats: a scholar, writer, freedom fighter, and educator. A champion of Hindu-Muslim unity, he served as the first Education Minister of independent India. He was also a prominent figure in the Khilafat Movement and the Indian National Congress.

Early Life of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Here are some key facts about the early life of Abul Kalam Azad:

 His full name was Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin. He was given the title of 'Azad,' which means 'free' in recognition of his efforts for India's independence.

He was born on 11 November 1888 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. His parents were scholars and theologians. His father, Ghulam Yazdani, was an Islamic scholar.

He received his early education in Arabic and Persian literature from his father and other scholars. He showed a keen interest in learning from a young age.

As a young man, he came under the influence of revolutionary thinkers like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Vivekananda, and Aurobindo Ghosh, which shaped his nationalist ideas.

 In 1905, he joined the Indian Patriotic Association started by Aurobindo Ghosh. He started writing articles for journals and newspapers propagating the cause of India's freedom.

 In 1906, he came into contact with other freedom fighters like Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He also participated in the Partition of Bengal protests.

He adopted the name Abul Kalam Azad as a pen name for his writings when he was around 17 years old. The name stuck and became his popular name.

 From a young age, he was a passionate advocate of India's freedom through the medium of education and the spread of ideas. He believed India needed intellectual freedom before it could gain political freedom.

Abul Kalam Azad’s Career in Journalism

Abul Kalam Azad had a career in journalism alongside his political activities.

He wrote articles and published works that criticized British rule and advocated for independence.

Azad worked as a journalist and editor for newspapers and magazines, including Al-Hilal and Al-Misbah.

Through his writings, he aimed to raise awareness among the public about the injustices of British colonial rule.

Azad used journalism as a platform to promote national unity, religious harmony, and social reforms.

His writings emphasized the importance of education, secularism, and the empowerment of the masses.

Azad's journalism played a significant role in mobilizing public opinion and inspiring people to join the freedom struggle.

He used his journalistic skills to communicate the message of the Indian National Congress and its goals to a wider audience.

Role of Abul Kalam Azad in the Independence Movement

He joined the Indian National Congress in 1906 and became an important leader of the party. He advocated the use of non-violent civil disobedience to achieve political aims.

He was elected as the general secretary of the Indian National Congress in 1923 and remained in that post till 1940. During this time, he played a crucial role in shaping the direction of the freedom struggle.

He opposed the radical policies of revolutionary groups like the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League. He believed in a united Indian nationhood transcending religious divides.

He launched the newspaper Al-Hilal to promote Hindu-Muslim unity and oppose the idea of separate electorates based on religion. He believed in a common political platform for all Indians.

He was the main organizer of the Congress's civil disobedience movement in the early 1930s. He was jailed by the British for participating in the movement.

He opposed the Quit India movement launched in 1942, believing it was premature. However, he remained committed to the goal of India's independence.

After Independence, he served as India's first education minister and played a major role in shaping India's education system and policies.

He remained committed to secularism, unity, and the idea of an inclusive Indian nationhood throughout his life. He opposed the idea of dividing India along religious lines.

Abul Kalam Azad, as the Educationalist

Abul Kalam Azad was a famous educationalist who did a lot for the field of education. Here are some important things to know about him:

Abul Kalam Azad strongly believed that education is important for everyone. He thought that education could bring positive changes to individuals and society.

Azad worked hard to make sure that education reached every corner of the country. He wanted to ensure that children, especially girls, had access to schools and could receive a quality education.

Azad set up several schools and colleges across the country. These institutions aimed to provide education to all, regardless of their background or social status.

Azad believed in a secular education system that would respect and include people from all religions and backgrounds. He wanted education to foster unity and understanding among different communities.

Azad encouraged people to learn multiple languages, as he believed it would help in understanding different cultures and fostering harmony among diverse groups of people.

 Azad advocated for free and compulsory education for all children. He believed that education should be accessible to everyone, regardless of their financial situation.

After India gained independence, Azad became the first Minister of Education in the country. He played a crucial role in shaping the education policies and infrastructure of post-independence India.

In recognition of his immense contributions to education, Abul Kalam Azad was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1992.

Abul Kalam Azad as the Congress Leader

Abul Kalam Azad was a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress during the Indian Independence movement.

He played a significant role in shaping the policies and direction of the Congress party.

Azad believed in the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi, including nonviolence and civil disobedience, as the means to achieve independence.

He served in various positions in Congress, including the working committee, general secretary, and president.

Azad worked closely with Jawaharlal Nehru. He supported socialist ideas to address inequality and poverty.

He organized and led nonviolent protests, such as the Dharasana Salt March, to challenge British rule and unfair policies.

Azad was imprisoned multiple times for his participation in the independence movement.

He was known for his charismatic leadership, intellectual prowess, and commitment to the ideals of freedom and social justice.

About the Life of Abul Kalam after Independence

After independence in 1947, Abul Kalam Azad was appointed as India's first education minister. He held this post from 1947 to 1958.

As education minister, Abul Kalam Azad worked to expand and improve India's education system. Some of his key initiatives included:

Establishing new universities across the country

Increasing enrollment in schools, especially for girls and underprivileged students

Setting up new research institutes and organizations like the IITs, IIMs, and UGC

Developing a university education system based on the ideas of freedom of thought and expression

Abul Kalam Azad emphasized the importance of science, technology, and research for India's progress. He envisioned education as a tool for nation-building and social change.

He believed in secular and liberal education that promoted critical thinking and rejected narrow visions of communalism and orthodoxy.

Abul Kalam Azad suffered a stroke in 1955 and retired from public life. He passed away on February 22, 1958, at the age of 69, in New Delhi.

Even after independence, Abul Kalam Azad remained committed to his vision of an inclusive Indian nationhood and an education system that would promote progress, pluralism, and social justice.

His contributions as India's first education minister helped lay the foundations for the expansion and transformation of India's education system in the post-independence era.

Azad, the first education minister of independent India

Major Literary works by Azad

Some of his notable literary works are:

Tasvir-e-Maasir, an Urdu magazine launched in 1911. It published articles and poems criticizing British rule and advocating India's freedom.

Ghubar-e-Khatir, is a two-volume collection of his essays, articles, and poems written between 1911 to 1934. It covers social, political, and spiritual topics.

After independence, he wrote Tarjumanul Quran, a commentary on the Quran. He tried to provide a rational and universal interpretation of the Quran.

His writings reflect his vision of an inclusive Indian nationhood that transcends religious divides. They emphasize ideas of freedom, secularism, education, and progress.

About the Death of Abul Kalam Azad

Abul Kalam Azad suffered a stroke in 1955 that left him partially paralyzed. He retired from public life after that and spent his remaining years at his home in Delhi. He passed away on February 22, 1958, at the age of 69, in New Delhi.

Legacy of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

The legacy of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad can be summarized in the following points:

He was a towering figure in India's freedom struggle and an iconic leader who played a crucial role in uniting the Independence movement. He advocated the principles of non-violence, secularism, and pluralism.

As India's first education minister, he laid the foundations of a modern education system in India based on liberal and humanistic values. Many important educational institutions established during his tenure still shape India today.

He stood for the idea of an inclusive Indian nationhood that transcended religious divides. He opposed the two-nation theory and Partition, believing India's future lay in unity and cooperation between Hindus and Muslims.

His contribution to building a secular and democratic India based on the principles of equality, justice, and liberty is immeasurable. He embodied the ideals of India's Constitution in his own life and work.

As a scholar, poet, and writer, he used the power of ideas and the word to propagate the causes of India's freedom, secularism, and social progress. His writings continue to inspire new generations.

Father of Tamil Nadu – Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, commonly known as Periyar, is a name that resonates deeply in the socio-political landscape of Tamil Nadu. He is known as the Father of Tamil Nadu through his relentless efforts to reform society and politics in the state. Born in 1879, Periyar embarked on a journey that would transform not just him but an entire society. His political significance is monumental – he restructured the Justice Party into Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944, laying the groundwork for the Dravidian Movement. This movement would later give rise to dominant political parties like the DMK and AIADMK, shaping the political discourse in Tamil Nadu for decades.

Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy is known as the Father of Tamil Nadu because of his transformative contributions to social reform and politics in the state.

His impact transcends politics – he challenged the caste system, advocated for gender equality, and laid the foundation for the Dravidian Movement, significantly shaping Tamil Nadu's socio-political landscape.

His advocacy for rationalism and atheism also made him a controversial figure, but one who was far ahead of his time. His life and work have become an integral part of Tamil Nadu's identity, making him an enduring symbol of social justice and political change.

Father of Tamil Nadu and his role in transforming the social and political landscape of the state is important for students preparing for competitive exams such as UPSC, state PSCs, SSC exams, Bank Exams, etc.

It is an important Tamil Nadu GK topic, questions from which commonly feature in major state and national level examinations in India.

Father of Tamil Nadu – Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy

Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, affectionately known as Periyar, holds an unparalleled position in the history of Tamil Nadu. Born in 1879 in Erode, he emerged as a titan of social reform and political activism, earning him the title of the Father of Tamil Nadu. What sets Periyar apart is not just his activism but the depth of his vision for an equitable society. Periyar was a man ahead of his time.

He dropped out of school at a young age but never stopped learning, becoming a self-taught intellectual.

His early life experiences, including a transformative journey to Varanasi, made him question the deeply entrenched caste system and social inequalities.

This led him to launch the Self-Respect Movement in 1921, a pioneering initiative that aimed to uplift marginalized communities and instill a sense of self-worth among them.

His political acumen was evident when he took over the Justice Party and rebranded it as Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.

This move was not just a name change but a paradigm shift that laid the foundation for the Dravidian Movement, which has significantly influenced Tamil Nadu's politics for decades.

One of the lesser-known facts about Periyar is his advocacy for the use of the Tamil language in administrative and educational sectors, a move that fortified the cultural identity of Tamil Nadu. His rationalist approach also led him to challenge religious dogmas that perpetuated social divisions, making him a controversial yet revered figure. Periyar's life and work are not just historical footnotes but active catalysts in shaping modern Tamil Nadu. His legacy is so deeply interwoven into the social fabric of the state that it continues to inspire and guide new generations.

Father of Tamil Nadu – Early Life, Education & Career

Periyar E.V. Ramasamy was born on September 17, 1879, in Erode, a town in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Born into a middle-class family, Periyar had limited formal education, dropping out of school at a young age. However, what he lacked in formal education, he more than made up for with his insatiable thirst for knowledge. He was a voracious reader and self-taught individual who gained a wide range of knowledge through books and interactions with intellectuals of his time.

Initially, Periyar joined his family's business, which dealt with the trading of agricultural goods. While he showed promise as a businessman, he found his true calling in social activism.

His early experiences with social injustice and caste discrimination deeply affected him, leading him to question the societal norms that perpetuated inequality.

In 1919, he took his first steps into politics by joining the Indian National Congress.

However, he soon became disillusioned with the party's lack of focus on social issues, particularly caste discrimination. This led him to break away and launch the Self-Respect Movement in 1921, aimed at empowering marginalized communities and challenging the existing social hierarchies.

His political journey continued to evolve as he took over the Justice Party in 1944, transforming it into Dravidar Kazhagam, a party that would later split into various factions but continue to dominate Tamil Nadu politics.

Periyar's early life and career laid the foundation for his later work as a social reformer and politician, earning him the title of the Father of Tamil Nadu.

Periyar & the Dravidian Movement

Periyar E.V. Ramasamy was a central figure in the Dravidian Movement, a socio-political initiative aimed at establishing the rights and cultural identity of the Dravidian people, native to South India.

The movement gained momentum in the early 20th century as a response to the perceived Aryan domination in various spheres of life, including politics, education, and religion. Periyar's role was instrumental in giving the movement a rationalist and anti-caste dimension.

He transformed the Justice Party into Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944, laying the groundwork for the Dravidian ideology that would later influence major political parties in Tamil Nadu, such as the DMK and AIADMK.

Under Periyar's leadership, the Dravidian Movement sought to challenge Brahminical supremacy and promote social equality.

It also pushed for the recognition of Tamil and other Dravidian languages, advocating for them to be used in educational and administrative settings.

Periyar's influence on the Dravidian Movement was profound, and his ideologies continue to shape the socio-political landscape of Tamil Nadu to this day.

Periyar’s Notable Contributions – Why is Periyar Known as the Father of Tamil Nadu?

Periyar E.V. Ramasamy is renowned as the Father of Tamil Nadu due to his groundbreaking contributions to social reform, politics, and education in the state. His work has had a lasting impact, shaping the socio-political landscape of Tamil Nadu and influencing generations to come. Below are some of his most notable contributions

Bose was born on 23rd January, 1897 in Cuttack, Odisha.

Bose was a nationalist, a leader of the younger, radical wing of the Indian National Congress.

He was a very intelligent and sincere student.

He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda’s teachings, and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student.

Bose cleared the coveted Indian Civil Service Examination, but resigned to come back to India. He joined the Indian National Congress, and was elected as the president of the youth wing party.

Bose regarded Chittranjan Das as his political guru (and Swami Vivekananda as his spiritual guru).

He became the Congress President in 1938 and was re-elected in 1939. Due to differences between Gandhi and Bose, he resigned from the Presidency in 1939 to form the Forward Bloc.

Associations: Indian National Congress, Forward Bloc, Indian National Army.

Publication: The Indian Struggle (1920-1942)

Political Ideology: Nationalism, Socialism and leftist.

Ideology

Bose’s ideology aimed at achieving complete independence for India, even by means of violent means. He opposed the British rule at all times, not being sympathetic to them even in times of war.

Bose advocated complete independence for India ( ‘Purna Swaraj’). The Congress adopted Purna Swaraj as its aim during the Lahore session in 1929.

He believed that Gandhi’s strategy of non-violence would not be sufficient to secure India’s independence, and advocated violent resistance.

He formed the All India Forward Bloc, and continued to call for immediate and full independence of India from the British Rule.

He was imprisoned by the British 11 times.

During World War II, Bose saw an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness, and contacted the Axis powers (Germany and Japan), seeking an alliance with them to attack the British government in India (the Congress was not in favour of this, since Gandhi opposed the idea of taking advantage of British at a time of war).

He was inspired by Vivekananda’s teachings of universalism, emphasis on social service and reform.

He called himself a socialist. He believed that democracy was the best option for India.

Leftist: Bose was a leftist in the sense that he was anti-imperialist and believed in attaining undiluted and complete independence (Bose described rightists as those who are prepared for a deal with imperialism).

Contribution

Bose was a very popular youth leader, and is known for the formation of the Forward Bloc.

Bose and Nehru led the protest against the Simon Commission, and were proponents of socialism.

World War II:

During world war II, Bose sought help from Japan and Germany to oust the British from India.

In 1942, Germany sympathized for the cause of India’s independence, and funded the formation of Free India Centre in Berlin.

With Japanese support, he revamped the Indian national Army (INA) which comprised of British Indian soldiers who had been captured by the Axis powers.

INA was completely secular, and had diversity by region, religion, gender and ethnicity.

He gave popular slogans like ‘Jai Hind’; ‘Give me blood and I will give you freedom’; ‘Dilli Chalo’.

Difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose

Similarities between Mahatma Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose

Difference between Jawaharlai Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose

Similarities between Jawaharlai Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose

Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore was born to a great social reformer of the time Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (7th May 1871 to 7th August 1941).

He was at the forefront of Bengali Renaissance and hence got the chance to have a first hand experience of the Renaissance literature, theatre, music and recitals.

He was a great writer and a poet who was lauded upon with British laurels and is popularly referred to as The Bard of Bengal.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913 and was the first non European to get the prize, he denounced the British Raj and advocated for India’s Independence from Britain.

Rabindranath Tagore was given the title of Gurudev for his vast knowledge in the fields of literature and politics.

Tagore opposed imperialism in his book Manasi composition a composition of poems.

In 1919, in response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre Tagore renounced his knighthood and wrote a repudiating letter to Viceroy Chelmsford.

Ideology

He followed the Brahmo Samaj philosophy and believed in the reformation of the society.

He was opposed to militarism as a matter of principle and promoted spiritual values.

He wanted to establish a world culture in multi-culture environment which had diversity and tolerance.

He opposed imperialism and has vehemently criticized it in his writings. Rabindranath Tagore viewed the presence of British administration as a ‘political symptom of our social disease’.

He believed that Humanity and love mattered more than anything else in the world.

Contributions

He founded a school in 1901 now known as Visva Bharati. The alternative to the poor system of education imposed by the British combined the best of traditional Hindu education with Western ideals. Tagore’s multicultural educational efforts were an inspiration to many.

He through his writings like Manasi provided the literary arsenal to the freedom struggle movement of India.

During the partition of Bengal Rabindranath Tagore emerged as a greatest critic of British government. He with the help of his writings inspired the common masses to protest against the Bengal partition.

He composed the National Anthem of two countries India Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh Amar Sonar Bangla.

He was always an educational reformer who never directly led any movement in the freedom struggle of India but with his fiery writings inspired many to break the shackles of the British colonization of India.

Difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore

Similarities between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore